{"id":4984,"date":"2026-04-15T17:50:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T15:50:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legio-historia.cz\/?p=4984"},"modified":"2026-04-16T18:07:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T16:07:00","slug":"druha-punska-valka-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legio-historia.cz\/en\/2026\/04\/15\/druha-punska-valka-3\/","title":{"rendered":"#3 Druh\u00e1 punsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka – Kter\u00e1 smlouva vlastn\u011b plat\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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D\u00edky Hannibalovi to mezi Kartaginci a \u0158\u00edmany v\u0159e. Na pozad\u00ed konfliktu se u\u017e d\u00e1vno rozehr\u00e1la politick\u00e1 hra, kdo komu tentokr\u00e1t vyhl\u00e1s\u00ed v\u00e1lku. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 do Kart\u00e1ga poslali zku\u0161en\u00e9 diplomaty jejich\u017e jedin\u00fdm c\u00edlem je bu\u010f zajistit, \u017ee Kartaginci se st\u00e1hnou nebo dojde k v\u00e1lce, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 mo\u017enost nep\u0159ipad\u00e1 v \u00favahu.<\/p>\n

Aby jsme cel\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi Kartaginci a \u0158\u00edmany pochopili, pono\u0159\u00edme se do jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vztah\u016f tak hluboko, \u017ee se budeme prob\u00edrat jejich smlouvami, kter\u00e9 spolu uzav\u0159eli a pod\u00edv\u00e1me se na to, co se kdysi dohodlo a nyn\u00ed u\u017e neplat\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

DRUH\u00c1 ILYRSK\u00c1 V\u00c1LKA<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 se nakonec rozhodli nejprve se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se zr\u00e1dn\u00fdm Demetriem, ne\u017e se vydaj\u00ed do Ib\u00e9rie za Hannibalem. Do Il\u00fdrie zam\u00ed\u0159il konzul Lucius Aemilius Paullus spole\u010dn\u011b se sv\u00fdmi legiemi. Kdy\u017e se vylodil v Il\u00fdrii, jeho prvn\u00edm c\u00edlem byla pevnost jm\u00e9nem Dimale. M\u011bsto Dimale bylo velmi dob\u0159e chr\u00e1n\u011bno a opevn\u011bno, a k tomu bylo je\u0161t\u011b situov\u00e1no na kopci. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201eP\u0159inesli jsme m\u00edr nebo v\u00e1lku, a jedno z toho V\u00e1m tu zanech\u00e1me. Je jen na V\u00e1s, co si vyberete.<\/span>\u201c<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd diplomat<\/em><\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\n

Dob\u00fdt takov\u00e9 m\u011bsto bylo velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, ale konzul Paullus m\u011bl jako vojev\u016fdce celkem sv\u00e9r\u00e1zn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, jak se s opevn\u011bn\u00fdm m\u011bstem vypo\u0159\u00e1dat. Rozhodl se, \u017ee bude v\u00fdborn\u00fd n\u00e1pad ud\u011blat z takov\u00e9 nedobytn\u00e9 pevnosti exempl\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, dob\u00fdt ji a zni\u010dit bojov\u00e9ho ducha v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch ilyrsk\u00fdch m\u011bst.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Konzul pov\u011b\u0159il sv\u00e9 tribuny, aby m\u011bsto oblehli a postavili dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed obl\u00e9hac\u00edch stroj\u016f, katapult\u016f a lehk\u00fdch obl\u00e9hac\u00edch zbran\u00ed. Legie pot\u00e9 obkl\u00ed\u010dily a oblehly kompletn\u011b cel\u00e9 m\u011bsto. Za pouh\u00fdch sedm dn\u00ed bylo m\u011bsto dobyto. Konzul\u016fv pl\u00e1n vy\u0161el a jakmile se o p\u00e1du pevnosti dozv\u011bd\u011bli v ostatn\u00edch ilyrsk\u00fdch m\u011bstech, tak do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho t\u00e1bora sm\u011b\u0159ovaly davy vyslanc\u016f a p\u0159edstavitel\u016f m\u011bst s p\u0159\u00edsahou v\u011brnosti k \u0158\u00edmu. Mor\u00e1lka a bojov\u00fd duch cel\u00e9 Il\u00fdrie byl zni\u010den za pouh\u00fdch sedm dn\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b ale zb\u00fdvalo se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se samotn\u00fdm str\u016fjcem t\u00e9to reb\u00e9lie. Konzul Paullus se sv\u00fdmi legiemi po dobyt\u00ed Dimale na nic ne\u010dek\u00e1 a m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed rovnou za Demetriem na ostrov Faros (dne\u0161n\u00ed Hvar). Demetrius v\u0161ak \u0158\u00edmany o\u010dek\u00e1val a zabarik\u00e1doval se ve m\u011bst\u011b se sv\u00fdmi nejlep\u0161\u00edmi voj\u00e1ky. Nav\u00edc nechal m\u011bsto dob\u0159e p\u0159edz\u00e1sobit a mnoho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eek poskytovalo obr\u00e1nc\u016fm \u0159adu v\u00fdhod.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se to konzul dozv\u011bd\u011bl, bylo mu hned jasn\u00e9, \u017ee toto obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed by tak jednoduch\u00e9 nebude. Demetrius nem\u00e1 kam ut\u00e9ct a se sv\u00fdmi elitn\u00edmi voj\u00e1ky se bude br\u00e1nit zuby nehty. Konzul tedy tentokr\u00e1t vol\u00ed vychytralost. Pod rou\u0161kou tmy nechal v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy vylodit v lesnat\u00e9 oblasti na opa\u010dn\u00e9 stran\u011b ostrova.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1m potom druh\u00fd den za rozb\u0159esku vyplul s dvaceti lod\u011bmi a men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti arm\u00e1dy p\u0159\u00edmo do p\u0159\u00edstavu p\u0159ed m\u011bstem. Kdy\u017e Demetrius z m\u011bstsk\u00fdch hradeb vid\u011bl, \u017ee se konzul vylodil v p\u0159\u00edstavu s tak chab\u00fdmi po\u010dty voj\u00e1k\u016f, neodolal, a se sv\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky se vydal z m\u011bsta p\u0159\u00edmo proti \u0158\u00edman\u016fm.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To ale nev\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee vyl\u00e1kat jej z m\u011bsta bylo celou dobu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm pl\u00e1nem. Zat\u00edmco jeho jednotky vyrazily z m\u011bsta a napadly \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 odd\u00edly v p\u0159\u00edstavu, se ukryt\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da objevila na pahorku mezi p\u0159\u00edstavem a m\u011bstem. Demetriovi do\u0161lo, \u017ee je to past, ale bylo na \u00fastup bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pozd\u011b.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Se svou pomalou a t\u011b\u017ekop\u00e1dnou falangou ustoupil z p\u0159\u00edstavu a rozhodl se \u010delit \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm manipul\u016fm na pahorku. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 spustili z kopce sv\u016fj front\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fatok na Demetriovu falangu a sou\u010dasn\u011b konzul Paullus se zbytkem vojska z p\u0159\u00edstavu napadl falangu zezadu. Na takov\u00fd \u00fatok nebyla falanga v\u016fbec stav\u011bn\u00e1 a po chv\u00edli zmate\u010dn\u00e9ho boje se formace rozpadla a voj\u00e1ci se rozutekli doslova do cel\u00e9ho okol\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Demetrius byl ov\u0161em mazan\u00fd. Po\u010d\u00edtal s t\u00edm, \u017ee by mohl prohr\u00e1t a proto si u\u017e dop\u0159edu ve skryt\u00e9 a odlehl\u00e9 z\u00e1toce nechal p\u0159ipravit \u00fanikovou lo\u010f. Kdy\u017e se jeho voj\u00e1ci v bitv\u011b dali na \u00fat\u011bk, byl mezi nimi i Demetrius. V on\u00e9 z\u00e1toce nastoupil na lehkou a obratnou lo\u010f <\/span>lemboi <\/span><\/i>a poda\u0159ilo se mu zmizet d\u0159\u00edv ne\u017e si toho \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 stihli v\u0161imnout. A nezam\u00ed\u0159il nikam jinam ne\u017e na dv\u016fr jeho nov\u00e9ho spojence – makedonsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Filipa V.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Demetriovi se nakonec z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho sev\u0159en\u00ed poda\u0159ilo uprchnout na jedn\u00e9 z rychl\u00fdch lod\u00ed lemboi.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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NE\u017d DOJDE NA ME\u010cE, BUDE SE V\u00c1L\u010cIT SMLOUVAMI<\/b><\/h3>\n

B\u011bhem \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 intervence na v\u00fdchod\u011b Hannibal po osmi m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed dobyl m\u011bsto Saguntum. Kdy\u017e se \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 o ztr\u00e1t\u011b m\u011bsta dozv\u011bd\u011bli, odhodlali se k hodn\u011b zoufal\u00e9mu \u010dinu, kter\u00fd k jejich celkov\u00e9mu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed moc nep\u0159\u00edslu\u0161\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 republika op\u011bt vyslala sv\u00e9 diplomaty do Kart\u00e1ga s nab\u00eddkou, na kterou se d\u00e1 odpov\u011bd\u011bt pouze dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. To \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 moc dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u011bli, ale byl to posledn\u00ed pokus zvr\u00e1tit v\u00e1lku nebo ji naopak vyprovokovat, proto\u017ee i ve starov\u011bku z\u00e1le\u017eelo na tom, kdo v\u00e1lku za\u010dal a rozpoutal. Pokud toti\u017e n\u011bkomu vyhl\u00e1s\u00edte v\u00e1lku a je\u0161t\u011b ji k tomu prohrajete, ne\u010dek\u00e1 v\u00e1s p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 budoucnost a v\u00fd\u0161e v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch reparac\u00ed, kterou budete muset vypl\u00e1cet, bude astronomick\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed zp\u016fsob pro Kartagince v t\u00e9to f\u00e1zi u\u017e absolutn\u011b nep\u0159ipadal v \u00favahu. Ve zkratce se jednalo o to, \u017ee by se Kart\u00e1go op\u011bt vzdalo a podvolilo se v\u016fli \u0158\u00edma a souhlasilo by s jejich podm\u00ednkami dal\u0161\u00edho postupu. Tento postup by samoz\u0159ejm\u011b Kartagince t\u011b\u017ece dehonestoval. Druh\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jak\u00fdm mohli Kartaginci na nab\u00eddku odpov\u011bd\u011bt, byla tot\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1lka.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kartaginsk\u00e1 Rada p\u0159ijala \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 vyslance a poslechla si, co cht\u011bj\u00ed nab\u00eddnout. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 nab\u00eddli Kartaginc\u016fm, \u017ee v\u00e1lce se vyhnou jedin\u011b tak, \u017ee jim vydaj\u00ed Hannibala a \u010dleny jejich Rady, kte\u0159\u00ed ho do Ib\u00e9rie jezd\u00ed podporovat. Tato nab\u00eddka m\u011bla na Kartagince asi stejn\u00fd efekt jako ude\u0159it hol\u00ed do vos\u00edho hn\u00edzda.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Radu nab\u00eddka rozhn\u011bvala a brali ji v podstat\u011b jako v\u00fdhru\u017eku, ale \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 se st\u00e1le oh\u00e1n\u011bli star\u00fdmi smlouvami a dohodami. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed pro Kartagince byl v Rad\u011b jeden velmi dobr\u00fd \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk, kter\u00fd se ujal cel\u00e9 konfrontace s \u0158\u00edmany a nutno dodat, \u017ee na n\u011b byl velmi dob\u0159e p\u0159ipraven\u00fd i na jejich argumenty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za\u010dal se smlouvou, kterou byl Hasdrubal nucen uzav\u0159\u00edt s \u0158\u00edmany po <\/span>Prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/span><\/i><\/a>, tedy po v\u00e1lce o Sic\u00edlii. Tato smlouva byla podle Kartaginc\u016f neplatn\u00e1 a nerelevantn\u00ed, proto\u017ee ji Hasdrubal podepsal bez souhlasu Rady, proto\u017ee byl pod n\u00e1tlakem podepsat ji okam\u017eit\u011b. Nav\u00edc podle informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se Rada dozv\u011bd\u011bla, byla p\u016fvodn\u00ed smlouva zam\u00edtnuta \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm lidem.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K tomu v\u0161emu kartaginsk\u00fd \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk argumentoval t\u00edm, \u017ee o Ib\u00e9rii v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 smlouv\u011b nebylo ani slovo, a to stejn\u00e9 plat\u00ed pro Sardinii, \u010d\u00edm\u017e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm diplomat\u016fm p\u0159ipomn\u011bl, \u017ee jim Sardinii odebrali nepr\u00e1vem a politick\u00fdm vyhro\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm. V \u010dem\u017e m\u011bl \u0159e\u010dn\u00edk naprostou pravdu a diplomati to moc dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u011bli.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158e\u010dn\u00edk ale v argumentech pokra\u010doval d\u00e1le, \u201eArgumentujete tu smlouvou, ve kter\u00e9 je uvedeno, \u017ee v\u00fdslovn\u011b zaru\u010dovala spojenc\u016fm ka\u017ed\u00e9 ze stran imunitu p\u0159ed \u00fatoky druh\u00e9 strany. A pokud je n\u00e1m dob\u0159e zn\u00e1mo, tak m\u011bsto Saguntum ani Saguntinci samotn\u00ed nebyli spojencem \u0158\u00edma na konci <\/span>Sicilsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/i>, kdy\u017e na\u0161e strany podepsaly tuto smlouvu, kterou jste vy p\u0159ipravili.\u201c Kartaginci pot\u00e9 nechali smlouvu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst, aby \u0158\u00edman\u016fm osv\u011b\u017eili pam\u011b\u0165.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 si ale st\u00e1le st\u00e1li za sv\u00fdm a argumentovali, \u017ee smlouva je platn\u00e1, kdy\u017e ji Rada evidentn\u011b dob\u0159e zn\u00e1 a nechala ji tu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst. D\u00e1le tak\u00e9 Kartaginc\u016fm p\u0159ipomn\u011bli, \u017ee podepsali s Hasdrubalem dal\u0161\u00ed smlouvu, kter\u00e1 se t\u00fdkala vylo\u017een\u011b vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00ed v Ib\u00e9rii.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e1te pocit, \u017ee je t\u011bch smluv n\u011bjak moc a jste zmaten\u00ed? Nevad\u00ed, cel\u00e9 si to tu hezky popo\u0159ad\u011b vysv\u011btl\u00edme. Smlouvy jsou v modern\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b nudn\u00e9 a nez\u00e1\u017eivn\u00e9, ale v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b Kart\u00e1ga a \u0158\u00edma je to \u00fapln\u00fd opak, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e je v\u00e1lka za rohem.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky p\u0159edch\u00e1zelo spoustu v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00fdch rozhovor\u016f mezi \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi diplomaty a nejv\u00fd\u0161\u0161e postaven\u00fdmi Kartaginci.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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STAR\u00c9 SMLOUVY, NOV\u00c9 SMLOUVY A DODATKY – KTER\u00c1 SMLOUVA VLASTN\u011a PLAT\u00cd?<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 se h\u00e1daj\u00ed s Kartaginci kdo je v pr\u00e1vu a kdo m\u00e1 pravdu, tak si to poj\u010fme trochu osv\u011btlit. Star\u00e9 smlouvy n\u00e1m pomohou zjistit, pro\u010d se v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 lod\u011b obou stran poprv\u00e9 st\u0159etli a\u017e v <\/span>Prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/span><\/i><\/a>. N\u00ed\u017ee si m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst prvn\u00ed smlouvu, kterou mezi sebou \u0158\u00edm a Kart\u00e1go podepsali.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o velmi starou smlouvu, proto\u017ee ji podepsali prvn\u00ed dva konzulov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1li v \u010dele st\u00e1tu, potom co se rozpadlo \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed. Smlouva se podepsala p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v roce 507 p\u0159.n.l. Pro p\u0159edstavu je to n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek let p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e Xerxes zah\u00e1jil invazi do \u0158ecka. Osud Kart\u00e1ga a \u0158\u00edma byl tedy propojen u\u017e hodn\u011b dlouhou dobu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Smlouva mezi \u0158\u00edmem a Kart\u00e1gem (cca rok 507 p\u0159.n.l.)<\/b><\/h4>\n
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Mezi \u0158\u00edmany a jejich spojenci na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b a Kartaginci a jejich spojenci na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 bude panovat p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed za n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednek:<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

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    Ani<\/i> \u0158\u00edman\u00e9, ani jejich spoje<\/i>nci nesm\u011bj\u00ed plout za mys Fair, leda\u017ee by k tomu byli donuceni nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdm po\u010das\u00edm nebo nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm \u00fatokem; av\u0161ak ani ten, kdo je proti sv\u00e9 v\u016fli zahn\u00e1n za tento mys, nesm\u00ed nic kupovat ani br\u00e1t, leda\u017ee by to bylo za \u00fa\u010delem opravy plavidla nebo<\/i> vykon\u00e1n\u00ed<\/i> ob\u011bti.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd \u0158\u00edman, kter\u00fd p\u0159ijede prod\u00e1vat zbo\u017e\u00ed, nesm\u00ed uzav\u0159\u00edt \u017e\u00e1dnou transakci, pokud nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomen m\u011bstsk\u00fd vyvol\u00e1va\u010d nebo m\u011bstsk\u00fd \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk. Cena v\u0161eho, co se prod\u00e1 v jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnosti, bude pro prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho zaru\u010dena st\u00e1tem, pokud se prodej uskute\u010dn\u00ed v Libyi nebo na Sardinii.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Na kartaginsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed na Sic\u00edlii bude m\u00edt ka\u017ed\u00fd \u0158\u00edman stejn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va jako kdokoli jin\u00fd.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Kartaginci neubl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed obc\u00edm Ardea, Antium, Lavinium, Circeii, Tarracina ani \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 latinsk\u00e9 obci podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed \u0158\u00edmu.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Jak\u00e9koli latinsk\u00e9 obce, kter\u00e9 nepodl\u00e9haj\u00ed \u0158\u00edmu, z\u016fstanou nedot\u010den\u00e9 a jak\u00e1koli takov\u00e1 obec zabran\u00e1 Kartaginci bude p\u0159ed\u00e1na \u0158\u00edman\u016fm nepo\u0161kozen\u00e1.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  6. \n

    Kartaginci nebudou stav\u011bt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pevnosti v Latiu.<\/i><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  7. \n

    Pokud Kartaginci vstoup\u00ed na latinsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed s vojensk\u00fdmi \u00famysly, nesm\u00ed tam p\u0159enocovat.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Mys Fair le\u017eel severn\u011b od m\u011bsta Kart\u00e1ga a \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 zde m\u011bli naprost\u00fd z\u00e1kaz s jakoukoliv lod\u00ed plout na jih od tohoto mysu. V\u00fdjimka byla pouze pokud sem \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 lo\u010f byla zahn\u00e1na \u0161patn\u00fdm po\u010das\u00edm nebo bou\u0159kou. I tak ale pos\u00e1dka musela lo\u010f, co nejd\u0159\u00edve opravit a odplout s n\u00ed pry\u010d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

    Obchodn\u00edci m\u011bli povolen\u00e9 kotvit pouze na severn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 Libye nad mysem Fair, d\u00e1le m\u011bli potom pln\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup na Sardinii a z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Sic\u00edlie, kde m\u011bli Kartaginci sv\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny a obchodn\u00ed stanice. Z\u00e1kazy pro Kartagince se t\u00fdkaly pouze \u00fazem\u00ed Latia, proto\u017ee tou dobou \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 It\u00e1lii v\u016fbec neovl\u00e1dali.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b se jednalo o pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00edrnou a p\u0159\u00e1telskou smlouvu. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v roce 348 p\u0159.n.l. podepsaly ob\u011b strany novou smlouvu, kter\u00e1 u\u017e byla podstatn\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed:<\/span><\/p>\n

    Smlouva mezi \u0158\u00edmem a Kart\u00e1gem (cca rok 348 p\u0159.n.l.)<\/b><\/h4>\n
    \n

    Mezi \u0158\u00edmany a jejich spojenci na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b a obyvateli Kart\u00e1ga, Tyru a Utiky a jejich <\/span><\/i>spojenci na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 bude panovat p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed za n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch podm\u00ednek:<\/span><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \n

      \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd \u0158\u00edman nesm\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dit mys Fair\/Mastia-in-Tarsis za \u00fa\u010delem pir\u00e1tstv\u00ed, obchodu nebo kolonizace.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    2. \n

      Pokud Kartaginci zaberou jak\u00e9koli m\u011bsto v Latiu, kter\u00e9 nepodl\u00e9h\u00e1 \u0158\u00edmu, vydaj\u00ed je \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, ale mohou si ponechat cennosti a v\u011bzn\u011b.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    3. \n

      Pokud Kartaginci zajmou kohokoli, na koho se vztahuje p\u00edsemn\u00e1 m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva s \u0158\u00edmem, ale kdo nen\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm poddan\u00fdm, nesm\u011bj\u00ed zajatce p\u0159iv\u00e9st do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstav\u016f (pokud tak v\u0161ak u\u010din\u00ed a \u0158\u00edman zajatce zadr\u017e\u00ed, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt propu\u0161t\u011bn). Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed i pro \u0158\u00edmany.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    4. \n

      Pokud \u0158\u00edman vezme vodu nebo z\u00e1soby z jak\u00e9koli zem\u011b spravovan\u00e9 Kart\u00e1gem, nesm\u00ed tyto z\u00e1soby pou\u017e\u00edt k ubl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed komukoli, kdo je chr\u00e1n\u011bn m\u00edrovou smlouvou nebo smlouvou o p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed s Kartaginci. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed i pro Kartagince. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad poru\u0161en\u00ed nebude podl\u00e9hat soukrom\u00e9mu st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed; ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad poru\u0161en\u00ed bude pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zlo\u010din proti st\u00e1tu.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    5. \n

      Na Sardinii a v Libyi nesm\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u0158\u00edman obchodovat ani zakl\u00e1dat osadu. Sm\u00ed z\u016fstat na pevnin\u011b pouze po dobu nezbytnou k nasb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1sob nebo oprav\u011b plavidla. Pokud ho tam zavedlo \u0161patn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, mus\u00ed odej\u00edt do p\u011bti dn\u016f.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    6. \n

      Na kartaginsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed na Sic\u00edlii i v samotn\u00e9m Kart\u00e1gu sm\u00ed \u0158\u00edman konat a prod\u00e1vat v\u0161e, co je povoleno kartaginsk\u00e9mu ob\u010danovi. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed pro Kartagince v \u0158\u00edm\u011b.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n

      Oproti prvn\u00ed smlouv\u011b je zde vid\u011bt, \u017ee podm\u00ednky jsou zde mnohem p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 rivalita mezi t\u011bmito \u0159\u00ed\u0161emi za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 vyl\u00e9zat na povrch. V n\u00e1vaznosti na tyto podm\u00ednky je zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 smlouva, kterou Kartaginci uzav\u0159eli s \u0158\u00edmany b\u011bhem invaze kr\u00e1le Pyrrha v roce 279 p\u0159.n.l., tedy kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed vypuknut\u00edm <\/span>Prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/a>. <\/span><\/i>D\u00edky Polybiovi se n\u00e1m dochovala alespo\u0148 jej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st:<\/span><\/p>\n

      V\u00fd\u0148atek ze smlouvy mezi \u0158\u00edmem a Kart\u00e1gem b\u011bhem invaze kr\u00e1le Pyrrha (rok 279 p\u0159.n.l.)<\/b><\/h4>\n
      \n

      Pokud \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 nebo Kartaginci uzav\u0159ou spojenectv\u00ed proti Pyrrhovi, mus\u00ed si ob\u011b strany p\u00edsemn\u011b sjednat, \u017ee bude p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9, aby si v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b v\u00e1lky navz\u00e1jem pom\u00e1haly na \u00fazem\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany. Kter\u00e1koli ze stran bude pot\u0159ebovat pomoc, Kartaginci j\u00ed poskytnou lod\u011b pro dopravu tam i zp\u011bt, zat\u00edmco ob\u011b strany budou hradit v\u00fddaje za sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed jednotky. Kartaginci v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti pomohou \u0158\u00edman\u016fm i na mo\u0159i, ale nikdo nesm\u00ed nutit pos\u00e1dky, aby vystoupily na b\u0159eh proti sv\u00e9 v\u016fli.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

      Ve\u0161ker\u00e9 tyto v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 smlouvy byly podeps\u00e1ny p\u0159ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi i kartaginsk\u00fdmi bohy v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech a jejich platnost tak byla pro ob\u011b strany posv\u00e1tn\u00e1. Samotn\u00fd Polybios n\u00e1m v\u00fd\u0148atky z t\u011bchto smluv opat\u0159il p\u0159\u00edmo z Jupiterova chr\u00e1mu na Kapitolu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jste si tedy p\u0159e\u010detli starov\u011bk\u00e9 smlouvy v doslovn\u00e9m p\u0159episu, tak jak byly seps\u00e1ny Kartaginci a \u0158\u00edmany.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Pro\u010d ale v\u016fbec vytahujeme tyto star\u00e9 smlouvy, kdy\u017e se bav\u00edme o <\/span>Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/span><\/i>? Je to z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee cel\u00e1 tato v\u00e1lka vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze smluv a dodatk\u016f podepsan\u00fdch po <\/span>Prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/span><\/i>, kter\u00e1 za\u010dala na \u00fazem\u00ed Sic\u00edlie, jen\u017e nebylo p\u0159edm\u011btem \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed smlouvy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      A na n\u011bkoho se zkr\u00e1tka mus\u00ed svalit vina za rozpout\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lky. Kdo bude t\u00edm vin\u00edkem? Poj\u010fme se na to pod\u00edvat, proto\u017ee tu m\u00e1me k dispozici onu zmi\u0148ovanou smlouvu, kterou podepsal Hasdrubal \u00fadajn\u011b bez v\u011bdom\u00ed Rady:<\/span><\/p>\n

      Smlouva mezi \u0158\u00edmem a Kart\u00e1gem po <\/b>Prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/i><\/b> (rok 241 p\u0159.n.l.)<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
      \n
        \n
      1. \n

        Kartaginci jsou povinni zcela opustit Sic\u00edlii a v\u0161echny ostrovy, kter\u00e9 le\u017e\u00ed mezi Sic\u00edli\u00ed a It\u00e1li\u00ed.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      2. \n

        Spojenci ka\u017ed\u00e9 ze stran budou chr\u00e1n\u011bni p\u0159ed \u00fatoky druh\u00e9 strany.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      3. \n

        \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 ze stran nesm\u00ed ukl\u00e1dat dan\u011b na \u00fazem\u00ed spravovan\u00e9m druhou stranou, ani prov\u00e1d\u011bt stavebn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce financovan\u00e9 z ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f, ani naj\u00edmat voj\u00e1ky, ani uzav\u00edrat spojenectv\u00ed se spojenci druh\u00e9 strany.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      4. \n

        Kartaginci zaplat\u00ed 2 200 talent\u016f do deseti let a dal\u0161\u00edch 1 000 talent\u016f okam\u017eit\u011b.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      5. \n

        Kartaginci vr\u00e1t\u00ed \u0158\u00edman\u016fm sv\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zajatce bez v\u00fdkupn\u00e9ho.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n

        Tato smlouva byla podeps\u00e1na v roce 241 p\u0159.n.l. a pozd\u011bji k n\u00ed byl p\u0159id\u00e1n dodatek, kter\u00fd vych\u00e1zel z ud\u00e1lost\u00ed <\/span>Libyjsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/i>. Nutno podotknout, \u017ee zp\u016fsob jak\u00fdm \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 p\u0159ipravili Kartagince o Sardinii byl jak\u00fdkoliv, jen ne \u010destn\u00fd. Sice p\u0159i n\u011bm bylo opravdu ohro\u017eeno \u00fazem\u00ed It\u00e1lie, t\u00edm \u017ee se vzbou\u0159enci p\u0159eplavili ze Sardinie na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republiky, ale toto se s Kartaginci dalo vyjednat jinak.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

        Nav\u00edc p\u0159ed t\u00edmto aktem dokonce \u0158\u00edm Kart\u00e1gu po kr\u00e1tk\u00e9m jedn\u00e1n\u00ed pomohl t\u00edm, \u017ee propustil ve\u0161ker\u00e9 kartaginsk\u00e9 zajatce z <\/span>Prvn\u00ed punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. <\/span><\/i>Ned\u00e1 se to z\u0159ejm\u011b popsat jinak ne\u017e, \u017ee situace byla zkr\u00e1tka slo\u017eit\u00e1 a vztahy se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu m\u011bnily.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n
          Kartaginci maj\u00ed opustit Sardinii a zaplatit dal\u0161\u00edch 1 200 talent\u016f.<\/span><\/i><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Kdy\u017e Kartaginci za\u010dali s podman\u011bn\u00edm Ib\u00e9rie a \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 m\u011bli starosti se situac\u00ed na v\u00fdchod\u011b, ke smlouv\u011b byl op\u011bt p\u0159id\u00e1n dal\u0161\u00ed dodatek.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

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          • \n
            Vojensk\u00e9 operace Kart\u00e1ga nep\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed \u0159eku Ebro.<\/span><\/i><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Te\u010f, kdy\u017e m\u00e1me shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 ve\u0161ker\u00e9 smlouvy a dodatky, kter\u00e9 spolu Kart\u00e1go a \u0158\u00edm uzav\u0159eli, poj\u010fme naj\u00edt vin\u00edky prvn\u00edch dvou punsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Za\u010dneme s t\u00edm, \u017ee \u0158\u00edm p\u0159esunem vojska a flotily na Sic\u00edlii neporu\u0161il \u017e\u00e1dnou smlouvu. Na druhou stranu zde m\u016f\u017eeme hodnotit, jak moc mor\u00e1ln\u00ed bylo spojit se se zr\u00e1dn\u00fdmi Mamertiny, kdy\u017e \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 moc dob\u0159e v\u011bd\u011bli, co jsou tito \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159i za\u010d a \u010deho jsou schopn\u00ed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            Je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jist\u00e9, \u017ee \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 tehdy cht\u011bli vyu\u017e\u00edt mocensk\u00e9 vakuum na severov\u00fdchod\u011b Sic\u00edlie a zabezpe\u010dit si tak \u00fazem\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republiky na jihu It\u00e1lie p\u0159ed vp\u00e1dem. \u00datok na Mamertiny byl \u00fatokem na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 spojence a \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 m\u011bli pr\u00e1vo podle smlouvy sv\u00e9 nov\u00e9 spojence p\u0159ed Kartaginci br\u00e1nit. T\u00edmto m\u00e1me vy\u0159\u00edzenou <\/span>Prvn\u00ed punskou v\u00e1lku<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            Co se ale t\u00fd\u010de <\/span>Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/i>, situace je zcela odli\u0161n\u00e1. A zde se vrac\u00edme k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed kartaginsk\u00e9 Rady a sen\u00e1tu s \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi diplomaty. Po dlouh\u00e9m jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a argumentov\u00e1n\u00ed ohledn\u011b podm\u00ednek smluv nakonec celou debatu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd diplomat zakon\u010dil takto: \u201eP\u0159inesli jsme v\u00e1m m\u00edr nebo v\u00e1lku, a jedno z toho V\u00e1m tu zanech\u00e1me. Je jen na V\u00e1s, co si vyberete.\u201c Na to mu kartaginsk\u00fd sufet odpov\u011bd\u011bl: \u201eRozhodn\u011bte se vy!\u201c<\/span><\/p>\n

            \u201eBude tedy v\u00e1lka,\u201c prohl\u00e1sil \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd diplomat.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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            Odchod \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch diplomat\u016f doprov\u00e1z\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed a dusn\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra... Bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed se dlouh\u00e1 a krut\u00e1 v\u00e1lka.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            Nakonec tedy nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, kter\u00e1 smlouva plat\u00ed, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e k \u010demu vlastn\u011b smlouvy slou\u017e\u00ed. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 i Kartaginci m\u011bli sv\u00e9 pravdy, sv\u00e9 v\u00fdklady i sv\u00e9 d\u016fvody. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 ze stran si ze star\u00fdch dohod vyb\u00edrala jen to, co se j\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b hodilo, a zbytek ochotn\u011b p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eela. Smlouvy, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly b\u00fdt z\u00e1rukou m\u00edru, se tak staly pouh\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji moci. Zbran\u011bmi, kter\u00fdmi se nev\u00e1l\u010dilo na boji\u0161ti, ale u jednac\u00edho stolu.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Byla tedy v\u00e1lka nevyhnuteln\u00e1? Mo\u017en\u00e1 ano. Ne proto, \u017ee by jedna ze stran nutn\u011b poru\u0161ila pr\u00e1vo, ale proto, \u017ee ob\u011b strany u\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159estaly hledat shodu. \u0158\u00edm rostl, Kart\u00e1go se sna\u017eilo udr\u017eet sv\u00e9 postaven\u00ed a mezi nimi nez\u016fstalo m\u00edsto pro rovnov\u00e1hu. Saguntum nebylo p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou v\u00e1lky, bylo pouze z\u00e1minkou, posledn\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkem v \u0159et\u011bzci rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 sm\u011b\u0159ovala ke konfliktu u\u017e dlouh\u00e1 l\u00e9ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

            A kdo byl vin\u00edkem? Pokud bychom m\u011bli soudit podle samotn\u00fdch smluv, odpov\u011b\u010f nen\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u00e1. Pokud ale budeme soudit podle reality moci, pak byla vina rozprost\u0159ena na ob\u011b strany. \u0158\u00edm i Kart\u00e1go hr\u00e1ly stejnou hru. Byla to hra o vliv, bezpe\u010dnost a p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. A v takov\u00e9 h\u0159e neb\u00fdv\u00e1 m\u00edsto pro spravedlnost, pouze pro v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

            Kdy\u017e tedy \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd vyslanec pronesl sv\u00e1 osudn\u00e1 slova o m\u00edru a v\u00e1lce, nebyla to skute\u010dn\u00e1 volba. Bylo to jen pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed reality, kter\u00e1 u\u017e d\u00e1vno nastala.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

            LITER\u00c1RN\u00cd ZDROJE<\/b><\/h3>\n
              \n
            1. Polybios:<\/span><\/i> D\u011bjiny<\/b><\/li>\n
            2. Titus Livius:<\/span><\/i> Ab urbe condita<\/b><\/li>\n
            3. Goldsworthy, Adrian:<\/span><\/i> P\u00e1d Kart\u00e1ga<\/b><\/li>\n
            4. Hoyos, Dexter:<\/span><\/i> Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War<\/b><\/li>\n
            5. Ernle Bradford:<\/span><\/i> Hannibal<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              D\u00edky Hannibalovi to mezi Kartaginci a \u0158\u00edmany v\u0159e. Na pozad\u00ed konfliktu se u\u017e d\u00e1vno rozehr\u00e1la politick\u00e1 hra, kdo komu tentokr\u00e1t vyhl\u00e1s\u00ed v\u00e1lku. \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 do Kart\u00e1ga poslali zku\u0161en\u00e9 diplomaty jejich\u017e jedin\u00fdm c\u00edlem je bu\u010f zajistit, \u017ee Kartaginci se st\u00e1hnou nebo dojde k v\u00e1lce, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 mo\u017enost nep\u0159ipad\u00e1 v \u00favahu. Aby jsme cel\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed mezi Kartaginci a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4987,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[68,8,6,3,117],"tags":[138,132,134,43,133,18,125],"class_list":["post-4984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kartago","category-osobnosti","category-politika","category-punske-valky","category-rimska-republika","tag-demetrius-z-faru","tag-druha-punska-valka","tag-hannibal-barkas","tag-hasdrubal","tag-iberie","tag-kartago","tag-rimska-republika"],"blocksy_meta":{"post_title_panel":"","has_hero_section":"default","ebf38a37a7210e8b2eae1c5591996d46":"","hero_section":"type-2","hero_alignment1":"left","hero_alignment2":"center","hero_height":{"0":"2","1":"3","2":"0","3":"p","4":"x","desktop":"500px","tablet":"500px","mobile":"500px","__changed":[]},"page_title_bg_type":"custom_image","custom_hero_background":{"attachment_id":2710,"url":"https:\/\/startersites.io\/blocksy\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/valdemaras-d-1053561-unsplash-1024x576.jpg"},"parallax":{"desktop":false,"tablet":false,"mobile":false},"50b5de3a778be56786a9251e46da72fb":"","single_meta_elements":{"author":true,"date":true,"categories":true,"comments":true,"updated":false,"tags":false},"has_meta_label":"yes","has_meta_avatar":"yes","date_format_source":"custom","single_meta_date_format":"M 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