{"id":5141,"date":"2026-05-21T17:45:43","date_gmt":"2026-05-21T15:45:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legio-historia.cz\/?p=5141"},"modified":"2026-05-21T14:14:37","modified_gmt":"2026-05-21T12:14:37","slug":"armady-kartaga-a-rima-v-druhe-punske-valce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legio-historia.cz\/en\/2026\/05\/21\/armady-kartaga-a-rima-v-druhe-punske-valce\/","title":{"rendered":"Arm\u00e1dy Kart\u00e1ga a \u0158\u00edma v Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Hannibal se sv\u00fdm vojskem p\u0159ekro\u010dil Alpy a dostal se do P\u0159edalpsk\u00e9 G\u00e1lie, kde za\u010dal s dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm It\u00e1lie. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si ale pop\u00ed\u0161eme, jak vlastn\u011b vypadala Hannibalova arm\u00e1da, z jak\u00fdch jednotek se skl\u00e1dala a odkud tito voj\u00e1ci poch\u00e1zeli.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1le si vysv\u011btl\u00edme, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem bojovala \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da, jak\u00e1 byla jej\u00ed organizace v obdob\u00ed Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/em><\/a> a kdo byli mu\u017ei, kte\u0159\u00ed v n\u00ed slou\u017eili a spoustu dal\u0161\u00edch zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch detail\u016f, jen\u017e jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 k pochopen\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nastanou p\u0159i Hannibalov\u011b vojensk\u00e9 kampani v It\u00e1lii, ale tak\u00e9 obecn\u011b v Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

ORGANIZACE HANNIBALOVY ARM\u00c1DY<\/b><\/h3>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo pops\u00e1no v d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch, tak Hannibalovo vojsko se skl\u00e1dalo z v\u00edcero odli\u0161n\u00fdch jednotek, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zely z r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f a kmen\u016f. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich Hannibal naverboval ji\u017e p\u0159i sv\u00fdch za\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch v Ib\u00e9rii. \u010c\u00e1st voj\u00e1k\u016f z jeho vojska poch\u00e1zela z Libye a Kart\u00e1ga. Nemalou \u010d\u00e1st vojska tvo\u0159ili i v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci z keltsk\u00fdch pota\u017emo galsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f, p\u0159es jejich\u017e \u00fazem\u00ed Hannibal se svou arm\u00e1dou t\u00e1hl. A v\u00fdznamnou slo\u017ekou jeho arm\u00e1dy byla tak\u00e9 j\u00edzda. Snad nejikoni\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed j\u00edzdou byla ta numidsk\u00e1. Zbytek se skl\u00e1dal z Iber\u016f, Gal\u016f a Kartaginc\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201eDo\u0161lo a\u017e na Triarie<\/span>\u201c<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 r\u010den\u00ed<\/span><\/i><\/em><\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\n

A\u010dkoliv se jednalo o kartaginskou arm\u00e1du, tak samotn\u00fdch kartaginsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f slou\u017eilo ve vojsku jen velmi m\u00e1lo. To bylo ale tak\u00e9 d\u00e1no t\u00edm, \u017ee plnopr\u00e1vn\u00fdch kartaginsk\u00fdch obyvatel nebylo celkov\u011b mnoho. Majoritn\u00ed slo\u017eku obyvatel na kartaginsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed toti\u017e tvo\u0159ili Libyjci, kte\u0159\u00ed sice spadaj\u00ed pod vl\u00e1du Kart\u00e1ga, av\u0161ak nem\u011bli takov\u00e9 politick\u00e9 pr\u00e1va jako m\u011bli Kartaginci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kartaginci ve vojsku tak zauj\u00edmali p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b d\u016fstojnick\u00e9 pozice, veleli \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159sk\u00fdm odd\u00edl\u016fm, pracovali jako specialisti nebo byli sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 j\u00edzdy. Spolu s Hannibalem tvo\u0159ili neju\u017e\u0161\u00ed velitelsk\u00fd okruh a Hannibal na tyto Kartagince dost spol\u00e9hal. Pot\u0159eboval, aby velitel\u016fm sv\u00fdch jednotek mohl d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovat. Spol\u00e9hal na sv\u00e9 d\u016fstojn\u00edky, \u017ee voj\u00e1ci budou ch\u00e1pat a plnit rozkazy b\u011bhem bitvy, ale i v t\u00e1bo\u0159e nebo na pochodu.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00edky r\u016fznorodosti jednotek v Hannibalov\u011b vojsku ze za\u010d\u00e1tku vl\u00e1dla pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e1 jazykov\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra. Tito d\u016fstojn\u00edci v\u0161ak m\u011bli za \u00fakol, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd voj\u00e1k ch\u00e1pal rozkazy a d\u011blal p\u0159esn\u011b to, co se mu na\u0159\u00edd\u00ed, i p\u0159esto\u017ee nemluvil punsky.<\/span><\/p>\n

S Hannibalem do P\u0159edalpsk\u00e9 G\u00e1lie z Alpsk\u00fdch pr\u016fsmyk\u016f sestoupilo 12 000 Libyjc\u016f, 8 000 Ibersk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f a 6 000 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f j\u00edzdy, z nich\u017e p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017enou v\u011bt\u0161inu tvo\u0159ila pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b lehk\u00e1 numidsk\u00e1 j\u00edzda. Po sestupu z hor se k Hannibalovi p\u0159idal i nezn\u00e1m\u00fd po\u010det Gal\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Libyjci p\u0159edstavovali p\u00e1te\u0159 Hannibalovy arm\u00e1dy. Jednalo se jak o lehkou tak i t\u011b\u017ekou p\u011bchotu. Lehk\u00e1 p\u011bchota m\u011bla za \u00fakol vyprovokovat nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00ed linie k \u00fatoku, aby do\u0161lo k naru\u0161en\u00ed formace. Vyzbrojeni byli obvykle o\u0161t\u011bpy, mal\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem, tunikou nebo lehkou ko\u017eenou zbroj\u00ed a kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm me\u010dem.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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R\u016fznorodost jendotek byla typick\u00fdm znakem v Hannibalov\u011b vojsku.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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T\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 p\u011bchota naopak bojovala jako tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u010dt\u00ed hopl\u00edti nebo jako falanga. Tvo\u0159ili prav\u00e9 j\u00e1dro a st\u0159ed Hannibalovy arm\u00e1dy. Byli vybaveni t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm kulat\u00fdm nebo zaoblen\u00fdm obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem, bronzovou nebo ko\u017eenou zbroj\u00ed, a jako hlavn\u00ed zbra\u0148 pou\u017e\u00edvali t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kop\u00ed a na bl\u00edzko tak\u00e9 kr\u00e1tk\u00fd a specificky zak\u0159iven\u00fd ibersk\u00fd me\u010d <\/span>Falcata<\/span><\/i>. V\u00fdzbroj a v\u00fdstroj nebyla jednotn\u00e1, proto tak\u00e9 u libyjsk\u00e9 p\u011bchoty najdeme r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy p\u0159ileb, nap\u0159. typick\u00e9 k\u00f3nick\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 p\u0159ilby s l\u00edcnicemi nebo chr\u00e1ni\u010di obli\u010deje, korintsk\u00e9 p\u0159ilby nebo p\u0159ilby podobn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm <\/span>Montefortino<\/span><\/i><\/a>. L\u00e9pe vyzbrojen\u00ed jedinci nosili tak\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 nebo ko\u017een\u00e9 holenn\u00ed chr\u00e1ni\u010de.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednalo se o mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b disciplinovanou slo\u017eku Hannibalovy arm\u00e1dy, kter\u00e1 byla schopn\u00e1 n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t dr\u017eet n\u00e1por \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch manipul\u016f b\u011bhem t\u011bch nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bitev <\/span>Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/i>. Jednalo se tedy o disciplinovanou, dob\u0159e organizovanou, t\u011b\u017ekou p\u011bchotu s dlouhou v\u00fddr\u017e\u00ed v bitv\u011b, kter\u00e1 byla schopn\u00e1 absorbovat ty nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u00fatoky a p\u0159esto udr\u017eet formaci.<\/span><\/p>\n

Druhou nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed slo\u017eku Hannibalovy arm\u00e1dy tvo\u0159ili v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci z Ib\u00e9rie, Keltib\u00e9rie a G\u00e1lie. V\u011bt\u0161inou se jednalo o sm\u011bsici ibersk\u00fdch a keltsk\u00fdch obyvatel, kte\u0159\u00ed ode\u0161li do v\u00e1lky s Hannibalem nebo se k jeho vojsku p\u0159idali cestou. Vyzbrojeni byli podobn\u011b jako libyjsk\u00e1 t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 p\u011bchota, ale m\u00edsto t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho kop\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali dlouh\u00e9 me\u010de ur\u010den\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e k sek\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017e bod\u00e1n\u00ed. Zbroj se u t\u011bchto v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edku velmi li\u0161ila. Zat\u00edmco Iberov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali kulat\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 nebo obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9 d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edty, ko\u017eenou zbroj, krou\u017ekov\u00e9 ko\u0161ile nebo bronzov\u00e9 panc\u00ed\u0159e, tak Galov\u00e9 \u010dasto bojovali s minimem ochrann\u00e9 zbroje nebo dokonce obna\u017een\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco galsk\u00e1 t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 j\u00edzda vyu\u017e\u00edvala krou\u017ekovou zbroj. Galov\u00e9 byli tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou zu\u0159ivost\u00ed a po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdbu\u0161nost\u00ed, av\u0161ak v bitv\u011b \u010dasto velmi rychle ztr\u00e1celi dech. Hannibal je proto vyu\u017e\u00edval jako \u00fadernou jednotku. Dlouh\u00fd a ne\u00fanavn\u00fd boj nech\u00e1val na Libyjc\u00edch a Iberech.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lehk\u00e9 j\u00edzdn\u00ed slo\u017eky tvo\u0159ili Numi\u010fan\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v sedle nenosili \u017e\u00e1dnou zbroj, pouze prostou tuniku a jako zbra\u0148 vyu\u017e\u00edvali kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 o\u0161t\u011bpy a me\u010de. Jako jejich protiklad p\u016fsobila t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 galsk\u00e1 a ibersk\u00e1 j\u00edzda, dopln\u011bn\u00e1 mal\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm Kartaginc\u016f. Numi\u010fan\u00e9 i p\u0159es jejich slabou ochranu a zbroj byli pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za elitn\u00ed j\u00edzdu, a to d\u00edky sv\u00fdm man\u00e9vrovac\u00edm schopnostem, hbitosti a vysok\u00e9 mobilit\u011b. Velkou roli p\u0159i st\u0159etech s \u0159\u00edmskou j\u00edzdou hr\u00e1l i jejich po\u010det, kter\u00fd \u010dasto v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161oval \u0159\u00edmskou j\u00edzdu nebo j\u00edzdu jejich italsk\u00fdch spojenc\u016f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem kartaginsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy byl ten, \u017ee jej\u00ed voj\u00e1ci byli po m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch dlouh\u00e9ho a extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9ho pochodu do It\u00e1lie pln\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed, proto\u017ee po cest\u011b Hannibalova arm\u00e1da stihla vybojovat nespo\u010det t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch bitev. Proti \u0158\u00edman\u016fm se tak u\u017e v prvn\u00ed bitv\u011b na italsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed postavila arm\u00e1da zku\u0161en\u00fdch veter\u00e1n\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hannibal na bitevn\u00ed pole postavil zku\u0161en\u00e9, dob\u0159e vycvi\u010den\u00e9 a v\u00fdborn\u011b vyzbrojen\u00e9 mu\u017ee. Nejednalo se o \u017e\u00e1dnou sm\u011bsici barbarsk\u00fdch bojovn\u00edk\u016f s chabou v\u00fdstroj\u00ed a v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li jen plenit a drancovat \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd venkov. Tito mu\u017ei p\u0159i\u0161li dob\u00fdvat m\u011bsta a jejich \u00fakolem bylo rozvr\u00e1tit \u0159\u00edmskou republiku.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hannibalovi mu\u017ei dob\u0159e rozumn\u011bli bitevn\u00edm taktik\u00e1m, bojov\u00fdm formac\u00edm a dokonce i tomu, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem bojovali \u0158\u00edman\u00e9. A co bylo hlavn\u00ed, celou dobu byli dob\u0159e motivov\u00e1ni \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm bohatstv\u00edm a vidinou nesm\u00edrn\u011b velk\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ko\u0159isti.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Manipul\u00e1rn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho vojska v obdob\u00ed Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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ORGANIZACE \u0158\u00cdMSK\u00c9 ARM\u00c1DY<\/b><\/h3>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da se oproti t\u00e9 kartaginsk\u00e9 velmi li\u0161ila. T\u00edm nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rozd\u00edlem bylo to, \u017ee \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da, i p\u0159es svoje kvality, nebyla v obdob\u00ed <\/span>Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/i> ani zdaleka profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed. Z\u00e1klad \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie tvo\u0159ili st\u00e1le \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9. Tito mu\u017ei za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch okolnost\u00ed pracovali na pol\u00edch, zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch usedlostech, v \u0159emesln\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch, jako in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i v r\u016fzn\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch, v lomech, v les\u00edch apod.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Povol\u00e1ni do arm\u00e1dy byli jen tehdy, pokud se \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 republika nach\u00e1zela ve v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m stavu. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 legie byla tedy pln\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b spojenc\u016f se legie skl\u00e1daly z italsk\u00fdch spojenc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed politicky i pr\u00e1vn\u011b spadali pod \u0159\u00edmskou republiku po sjednocen\u00ed It\u00e1lie. To je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl oproti kartaginsk\u00fdm obyvatel\u016fm, kter\u00fdch v kartaginsk\u00e9m vojsku slou\u017eilo minimum.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Typick\u00e1 arm\u00e1da t\u00e9to doby se skl\u00e1dala ze dvou \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch legi\u00ed a ze dvou spojeneck\u00fdch legi\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 takov\u00e1 legie m\u011bla pro zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5 000 mu\u017e\u016f. Po\u010det mu\u017e\u016f v cel\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b se tak pohyboval okolo 20 000. Jedn\u00e9 takov\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b velel jeden \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fd konzul. Konzulov\u00e9 byli voleni dva, a to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee oba konzulov\u00e9 dohromady mohli na bitevn\u00ed pole postavit a\u017e 40 000 mu\u017e\u016f. Cel\u00e1 arm\u00e1da byla jasn\u011b a z\u0159eteln\u011b \u010dlen\u011bn\u00e1, co\u017e poskytovalo konzul\u016fm vysoce adaptabiln\u00ed s\u00edlu s pevn\u011b danou hierarchi\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

I samotn\u00e1 formace \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie byla pevn\u011b dan\u00e1 a \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvali tzv. <\/span>Triplex acies<\/span><\/i>. V p\u0159ekladu formace t\u0159\u00ed lini\u00ed. Cel\u00e1 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 legie byla zformov\u00e1na do t\u0159\u00ed lini\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u011bchoty. Jednotliv\u00e9 linie byly za sebou \u0159azeny do \u0161achovnice d\u00edky manupul\u00e1rn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu a na k\u0159\u00eddlech cel\u00e9 formace se umis\u0165ovala \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 j\u00edzda. \u0158\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci byli v jednotliv\u00fdch lini\u00edch rozd\u011bleni do tzv. manipul\u016f. Tedy do samostatn\u00fdch jednotek, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ily j\u00e1dro st\u0159edu \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho vojska. Jedna legie se skl\u00e1dala z 30 manipul\u016f.<\/span><\/p>\n

Voj\u00e1ci byli do jednotliv\u00fdch lini\u00ed \u0159azeni podle v\u011bku, majetku, bojov\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed a v\u00fdzbroje. V prvn\u00ed linii t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u011bchoty st\u00e1li <\/span>Hastati<\/span><\/i>. Jednalo se o v\u011bkem mlad\u0161\u00ed a chud\u0161\u00ed mu\u017ee s leh\u010d\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b komplexn\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed. Tito mu\u017ei ale st\u00e1le do bitvy nesli velk\u00fd obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt se zaoblen\u00fdmi hranami, za kter\u00fdm byli schopn\u00ed zakr\u00fdt celou svou postavu, t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd vrhac\u00ed o\u0161t\u011bp pilum a kr\u00e1tk\u00fd me\u010d gladius ur\u010den\u00fd k bod\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/span>Hastati<\/span><\/i> m\u011bli naru\u0161it soupe\u0159ovu linii nebo \u00fatok vrhem o\u0161t\u011bp\u016f a n\u00e1sledn\u011b absorbovat prvotn\u00ed n\u00e1por nep\u0159\u00e1tel. Jejich \u00fakolem bylo dr\u017eet linii, co nejd\u00e9le, kr\u00fdt se za \u0161t\u00edty a bodat nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky mezerami mezi \u0161t\u00edty.<\/span><\/p>\n

Za t\u011bmito voj\u00e1ky se nach\u00e1zela druh\u00e1 linie slo\u017een\u00e1 z <\/span>Principes<\/span><\/i>. Jednalo o ji\u017e zku\u0161en\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch ta\u017een\u00ed v tom nejlep\u0161\u00edm v\u011bku. Byli bohat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e <\/span>Hastati<\/span><\/i> a mohli si dovolit lep\u0161\u00ed a kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zbroj. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f se jednalo o t\u011b\u017ekou krou\u017ekovou ko\u0161ili zes\u00edlenou v oblasti ramen. Do bitvy nesli stejn\u011b jako <\/span>Hastati<\/span><\/i> velk\u00fd obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt, vrhac\u00ed o\u0161t\u011bp <\/span>pilum<\/span><\/i> a kr\u00e1tk\u00fd me\u010d <\/span>gladius<\/span><\/i>. Jejich \u00fakolem bylo vyst\u0159\u00eddat unavenou prvn\u00ed linii a dynamicky zatla\u010dit na nep\u0159\u00edtele, p\u0159evz\u00edt iniciativu, rozb\u00edt nep\u0159\u00e1telskou formaci a zvr\u00e1tit bitvu ve prosp\u011bch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republiky.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud bitvu nedok\u00e1zali rozhodnout <\/span>Principes<\/span><\/i>, tak v rezerv\u011b \u010dekala posledn\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 linie. Mu\u017ei v posledn\u00ed linii se naz\u00fdvali <\/span>Triarii<\/span><\/i> a jednalo se o nejzku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejstar\u0161\u00ed veter\u00e1ny legie, kte\u0159\u00ed pro\u0161li mnoha bitvami. V \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 legii se jednalo prakticky o elitn\u00ed jednotku a byli i vyzbrojeni jinak ne\u017e <\/span>Hastati<\/span><\/i> a <\/span>Principes<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Triarii<\/span><\/i> si toti\u017e je\u0161t\u011b zachovali star\u00fd styl v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed a jejich hlavn\u00ed zbran\u00ed bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 dlouh\u00e9 kop\u00ed. Do bitvy nosili tak\u00e9 velk\u00fd obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt a mohli si jako veter\u00e1ni dovolit tu nejlep\u0161\u00ed zbroj, kter\u00e1 byla v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republice dostupn\u00e1. \u010casto se jednalo o t\u011b\u017ekou krou\u017ekovou ko\u0161ili pos\u00edlenou hrudn\u00edm panc\u00ed\u0159em.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se <\/span>Triarii<\/span><\/i> museli aktivn\u011b zapojit do bitvy, d\u00e1 se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee situace v bitv\u011b u\u017e byla kritick\u00e1, legie byla ve v\u00fdznamn\u00e9m nebezpe\u010d\u00ed nebo dokonce hrozila por\u00e1\u017eka. Vzniklo i pom\u011brn\u011b slavn\u00e9 r\u010den\u00ed: <\/span>\u201eDo\u0161lo a\u017e na Triarie.\u201c<\/span><\/i> \u010c\u00edm\u017e je vyj\u00e1d\u0159eno, \u017ee musely b\u00fdt povol\u00e1ny ty nejelitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1lohy, aby zvr\u00e1tily pr\u016fb\u011bh bitvy.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Voj\u00e1ci z \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch a spojeneck\u00fdch legi\u00ed m\u011bli v dob\u011b Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky velmi \u010dasto odli\u0161n\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, r\u016fznorodou zbroj, nejednotn\u00e9 barvy na \u0161t\u00edtech apod. Zat\u00edm se o sjednocen\u00ed a uniformit\u011b v\u016fbec nedalo bavit.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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VY\u017dENEME TY VET\u0158ELCE PRY\u010c Z NA\u0160\u00cd ZEM\u011a<\/b><\/p>\n

Hastati<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>Principes<\/span><\/i> a <\/span>Triarii<\/span><\/i> tvo\u0159ili t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed linie t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u011bchoty, ale jednalo se pouze o st\u0159ed formace \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie. Zpravidla na za\u010d\u00e1tku bitvy byli je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u011b\u017ekou p\u011bchotu nasazeni <\/span>Velites<\/span><\/i>. Lehk\u00e1 p\u011bchota, kter\u00e1 operovala v otev\u0159en\u00e9 a voln\u00e9 formaci.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Velites<\/span><\/i> byli pouze lehce vyzbrojen\u00ed voj\u00e1ci z t\u011bch nejchud\u0161\u00edch kruh\u016f \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Do bitvy nosili pouze jednoduchou p\u0159ilbu \u010dasto ozdobenou zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed ko\u017ee\u0161inou s hlavou, kter\u00e1 byla um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 na vrcholu p\u0159ilby. Pou\u017e\u00edvali mal\u00fd kulat\u00fd \u0161t\u00edt a m\u011bli k dispozici n\u011bkolik kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch a lehk\u00fdch o\u0161t\u011bp\u016f. Jejich prim\u00e1rn\u00edm \u00fakolem na za\u010d\u00e1tku bitvy bylo vrhat salvy o\u0161t\u011bp\u016f na nep\u0159\u00e1telskou linii, naru\u0161it jejich formaci, zp\u016fsobit zmatek a ot\u0159\u00e1st s bojovou mor\u00e1lkou nep\u0159\u00edtele.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jakmile se nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eili, tak <\/span>Velites<\/span><\/i> ustoupili mezerami mezi manipuly za \u0159ady t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u011bchoty. Odtud vrhali o\u0161t\u011bpy p\u0159es vlastn\u00ed t\u011b\u017ekou p\u011bchotu, podnikali v\u00fdpady na nep\u0159\u00edtele ze strany a zah\u00e1n\u011bli nep\u0159\u00e1telskou j\u00edzdu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pokud se dal nep\u0159\u00edtel na \u00fat\u011bk, tak jako lehce vyzbrojen\u00ed voj\u00e1ci m\u011bli za \u00fakol nep\u0159\u00edtele pron\u00e1sledovat a pob\u00edt pomalej\u0161\u00ed jedince. T\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 p\u011bchota ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f sama prchaj\u00edc\u00edho nep\u0159\u00edtele nepron\u00e1sledovala. Voj\u00e1ci z t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u011bchoty dr\u017eeli formaci a zaji\u0161\u0165ovali tak bezpe\u010d\u00ed pro celou legii.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Na k\u0159\u00eddlech \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 formace byla obvykle um\u00edst\u011bna \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 a spojeneck\u00e1 j\u00edzda. Jednotky tzv. <\/span>Equites<\/span><\/i> tvo\u0159ili p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b bohat\u0161\u00ed mu\u017ei z aristokratick\u00fdch kruh\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed si mohli dovolit \u017eivit kon\u011b a po\u0159\u00eddit tu nejlep\u0161\u00ed dostupnou zbroj. Pro tyto mu\u017ee znamenala slu\u017eba u <\/span>Equites<\/span><\/i> za\u010d\u00e1tek jejich d\u016fstojnick\u00e9 kari\u00e9ry ve vojsku.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Jednotky <\/span>Equites<\/span><\/i> nebyly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 po\u010detn\u00e9 a velmi \u010dasto se st\u0159et\u00e1vali s nep\u0159\u00e1telskou j\u00edzdou, kter\u00e1 je po\u010detn\u011b p\u0159evy\u0161ovala. Jezdci byli sice jedni z nejl\u00e9pe vyzbrojen\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b, ale za to \u010dasto zaznamen\u00e1vali t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty na \u017eivotech, co\u017e se zrovna v obdob\u00ed <\/span>Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/span><\/i> uk\u00e1zalo jako z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m, proto\u017ee mlad\u00e1 aristokratick\u00e1 vrstva se t\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u011b zredukovala.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v dob\u011b, kdy Hannibal se sv\u00fdm vojskem pochodoval nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d It\u00e1li\u00ed, nebyla ani zdaleka profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed, sjednocen\u00e1 a uniformn\u00ed, jak ji zn\u00e1me z imperi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9ry. Voj\u00e1ci ze stejn\u00fdch manipul\u016f m\u011bli \u010dasto odli\u0161nou v\u00fdzbroj, nejednotn\u00e9 tuniky, r\u016fzn\u011b barevn\u00e9 a zdoben\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edty, odli\u0161n\u00e9 zbroje apod.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

St\u00e1le se nejednalo o profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed voj\u00e1ky, ale \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 ob\u010dany, kte\u0159\u00ed byli povol\u00e1ni v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee nastal v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd stav nebo hrozilo ohro\u017een\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 republiky. St\u00e1le se ale jednalo o efektivn\u00ed s\u00edlu, kter\u00e1 byla dob\u0159e vycvi\u010den\u00e1, v\u00fdborn\u011b organizovan\u00e1, disciplinovan\u00e1.<\/span><\/p>\n

LITER\u00c1RN\u00cd ZDROJE<\/b><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Polybios:<\/i> D\u011bjiny<\/b><\/li>\n
  2. Titus Livius:<\/i> Ab urbe condita<\/b><\/li>\n
  3. Goldsworthy, Adrian:<\/i> P\u00e1d Kart\u00e1ga<\/b><\/li>\n
  4. Hoyos, Dexter:<\/i> Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War<\/b><\/li>\n
  5. Ernle Bradford:<\/i> Hannibal<\/b><\/li>\n
  6. Goldsworthy, Adrian:<\/span> Youtube kan\u00e1l – Adrian Goldsworthy. Historian and Novelist<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Hannibal se sv\u00fdm vojskem p\u0159ekro\u010dil Alpy a dostal se do P\u0159edalpsk\u00e9 G\u00e1lie, kde za\u010dal s dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00edm It\u00e1lie. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku si ale pop\u00ed\u0161eme, jak vlastn\u011b vypadala Hannibalova arm\u00e1da, z jak\u00fdch jednotek se skl\u00e1dala a odkud tito voj\u00e1ci poch\u00e1zeli. D\u00e1le si vysv\u011btl\u00edme, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem bojovala \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da, jak\u00e1 byla jej\u00ed organizace v obdob\u00ed Druh\u00e9 punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky 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